Mangussi, Franco (2022) Dinámica de polaritones en microcavidades ópticas / Dynamics of polaritons in optical microcavities. Tesis Doctoral en Física, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Instituto Balseiro.
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Resumen en español
Los polaritones excitónicos de microcavidad son cuasipart´ıculas h´ıbridas parte luz - parte materia que emergen del acoplamiento fuerte entre excitones de pozos cuánticos y fotones que se encuentran confinados en una microcavidad semiconductora. La componente excitónica de los polaritones dota a los mismos de la capacidad de interactuar. Las no linealidades originadas producto de dicha interacción Coulombiana están ligadas a un gran número de efectos fascinantes, como por ejemplo la capacidad de manipular, direccionar o conmutar flujos de polaritones, biestabilidades, etc. A su vez la parte excitónica hace susceptibles a los polaritones a campos eléctricos y magnéticos. Por otro lado, su componente fotónica les confiere una masa efectiva que puede ser cuatro ordenes de magnitud menor que la del excitón desnudo. Esto ultimo, junto al hecho que los polaritones obedecen una estadística bosónica, les ha dado un especial protagonismo a la hora de estudiar condensados de Bose-Einstein (BEC) fuera de equilibrio, en uno o más estados cuánticos, a temperaturas criogénicas e incluso a temperatura ambiente. Sumado a esto, la posibilidad de analizar los fotones que se escapan de la cavidad permite a su vez una magnífica accesibilidad experimental, pudiendo medir de forma directa la relación de dispersión y la distribución espacial de los polaritones, así como también obtener información sobre la fase relativa entre distintos puntos de la distribución de polaritones mediante experimentos de interferencia. Las técnicas modernas de crecimiento epitaxial permiten actualmente confinar polaritones no solo en cavidades planas, sino también en trampas 1D y 0D, micropilares, microdiscos e incluso redes de diversas geometrías. Esta versatilidad a la hora de diseñar los potenciales de confinamiento posibilita usar los sistemas de polaritones también como plataformas altamente versátiles para emular física de Hamiltonianos 1D Y 2D. Esto permite trasladar al contexto de la fotónica algunas de las propiedades de sistemas electrónicos usuales de materia condensada e incluso diseñar nuevos Hamiltonianos con novedosas propiedades topológicas y de trasporte para los polaritones. Por ultimo, otro de los campos donde los polaritones han tenido una especial relevancia en el ultimo tiempo es el de la optomecánica en microcavidades. Estos sistemas cuánticos híbridos aprovechan el hecho de que las mismas cavidades que soportan fotones (o polaritones) pueden ser diseñadas de tal forma que confinen fonones y que estas vibraciones se acoplen fuertemente a los modos fotónicos y excitónicos presentes en las mismas. En esta tesis abordaremos algunos aspectos de las líneas de investigación en polaritones de microcavidad mencionadas anteriormente, el trabajo puede dividirse en dos partes, en función de la temática y del grupo experimental con el cual se realizaron las colaboraciones. En la primera parte presentaremos una versión modificada de los modelos usuales tipo Gross-Pitaevskii que nos permite describir con mucho detalle una serie de mediciones realizadas en arreglos de microtrampas de diferentes tamaños. En estos experimentos, puede verse como las energías de los niveles polaritónicos confinados experimentan un corrimiento hacia valores mayores, tendiendo a acercarse a las energías de los modos fotónicos puros. A su vez, en algún punto de este corrimiento el sistema experimenta una transición a un estado de emisión coherente. Nuestros resultados sugieren que, para reproducir correctamente esta renormalización de la energía y los potenciales efectivos asociados de los estados poliatómicos en función de la potencia de excitación, es importante incluir en el modelo tanto los efectos de las interacciones entre polaritones como de la saturación del acoplamiento fuerte debida una reducción del desdoblamiento Rabi. Usaremos estos modelos a su vez para describir resultados novedosos sobre la generación de estados coherentes de dos fonones en sistemas de fluidos cuánticos de luz confinados en arreglos de microtrampas. Mostraremos que por encima de la potencia umbral donde el sistema de polaritones transiciona a un estado coherente, aparecen comportamientos físicos muy interesantes cuando la diferencia de energía entre el estado fundamental de la trampa que es directamente bombeada por el láser externo y el de alguna de sus vecinas coincide con la energía combinada de un par de los fonones confinados en la microestructura. En particular describiremos la aparición de una resonancia paramétrica optomecánica, que se ve acompañada de un locking de las energías de los estados fundamentales de la trampa bombeada y vecina y un fortalecimiento del tunneling entre dichos estados fundamentales, mediado por transiciones a través del estado excitado inducidas optomecánicamente. En la segunda parte de la tesis presentamos un modelo tight-binding minimal en la cantidad de parámetros libres, que nos permite describir con gran precisión la estructura de bandas y los estados de borde de redes y cintas de grafeno polaritónico construidas en base a micropilares completamente grabados en la estructura semiconductora. El modelo incluye como elementos fundamentales, la presencia de orbitales tipo s y p no ortogonales. Analizaremos en particular la influencia que tiene la no ortogonalidad, la interacción ´ınter-orbital y el efecto espín-órbita fotónico tanto en la dispersión de bulk como en los estados de borde.
Resumen en inglés
Microcavity exciton-polaritons are part-light-part-matter hybrid quasiparticles that emerge from the strong coupling between quantum well excitons and photons confined in a semiconductor microcavity. The excitonic component of polaritons gives them the ability to interact. The nonlinearities originating from this Coulomb interaction are then linked to a large number of fascinating effects, such as the ability to manipulate, direct or switch polariton flows, bistabilities, etc. In turn, the excitonic part of te polaritons makes them susceptible to electric and magnetic fields. On the other hand, their photonic component gives them an effective mass that can be four orders of magnitude less than that of the bare exciton. The latter, together with the fact that polaritons obey bosonic statistics, has given them a special role in the fied of study of Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) out of equilibrium, in one or more quantum states, at cryogenic temperatures and even at room temperature. In addition to this, the possibility of analyzing the photons that escape from the cavity also allows excellent experimental accessibility, being able to directly measure the dispersion and the spatial distribution of the polaritons, as well as obtain information on the phase between different points of the polariton distribution by means of interference experiments. Modern epitaxial growth techniques currently allow polaritons to be confined not only in plane cavities, but also in 1D and 0D traps, micropillars, microdisks, and even lattices of various geometries. This versatility when designing confinement potentials makes it possible to use polariton systems also as highly versatile platforms to emulate 1D and 2D Hamiltonian physics. This allows transferring to the context of photonics some of the properties of usual condensed matter electronic systems and even designing new Hamiltonians with novel topological and transport properties for polaritons. Finally, another of the fields where polaritons have had a special relevance in recent times is that of optomechanics in microcavities. These hybrid quantum systems take advantage of the fact that the same cavities that support photons (or polaritons) can be designed in such a way that they confine phonons and that these vibrations strongly couple to the photonic and exciton modes present in them. In this thesis we will address some aspects of the lines of research in microcavity polaritons mentioned above, the work can be divided into two parts, depending on the subject and the experimental group with which the collaborations were carried out. In the first part we will present a modified version of the usual Gross-Pitaevskii type models that allows us to describe in great detail a series of measurements made in arrays of microtraps of different sizes. In these experiments, it can be seen how the energies of the confined polariton levels experience a shift towards higher values, tending to approach the energies of the pure photon modes. In turn, at some point in this shift, the system undergoes a transition to a coherent emission state. Our results suggest that, in order to correctly reproduce this renormalization of the energy and the associated effective potentials of the polariton states as a function of the excitation power, it is important to include in the model both the effects of the interactions between polaritons and the saturation of the strong-coupling due to a reduction in Rabi splitting. We will use these models in turn to describe novel results on the generation of two-phonon coherent states in quantum fluid of light systems confined in arrays of microtraps. We will show that above the threshold power where the polariton system transitions to a coherent state, very interesting physical behaviors appear when the difference in energy between the ground state of the trap that is directly pumped by the external laser and that of one of its neighbors coincides with the combined energy of a pair of phonons confined in the microstructure. In particular, we will describe the emergence of an optomechanical parametric resonance, which is accompanied by a locking of the energies of the ground states of the pumped and neighboring trap and a strengthening of the tunneling between said ground states, mediated by by optomechanically induced transitions through the excited state. In the second part of the thesis we present a minimal tight-binding model in the number of free parameters, which allows us to describe with great precision the band structure and the edge states of polaritonic graphene lattices and ribbons built using micropillars completely etched into the semiconductor structure. The model includes as fundamental elements, the presence of non-orthogonal s and p type orbitals. We will analyze in particular the influence of non-orthogonality, inter-orbital interaction and the photonic spin-orbit effect on both bulk dispersion and edge states.
| Tipo de objeto: | Tesis (Tesis Doctoral en Física) |
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| Palabras Clave: | Nonlinear optics; Optica nolineal; [Semiconductor microcavities; Microcavidades semiconductoras; Exciton-polariton; Light-matter interaction; Interacción luz-materia; Polariton lattices; Redes de polaritones] |
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| Materias: | Física > Óptica cuántica Física > Teoría de sólidos |
| Divisiones: | Gcia. de área de Investigación y aplicaciones no nucleares > Gcia. de Física > Materia condensada > Teoría de sólidos |
| Código ID: | 1118 |
| Depositado Por: | Tamara Cárcamo |
| Depositado En: | 19 Sep 2022 12:09 |
| Última Modificación: | 19 Sep 2022 12:09 |
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