Martínez Puldón, Karla (2021) Aplicación de técnicas nucleares para el estudio de la acumulación de zinc (zn) en el puyen chico (galaxias maculatus) en lagos andino-patagónicos impactados por actividad volcánica / Application of nuclear techniques to the study of zinc (Zn) accumulation in the small puyen (Galaxias maculatus) of Andean-Patagonian lakes impacted by volcanic activity. Trabajo Final (CEATEN), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Instituto Balseiro.
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Resumen en español
El zinc (Zn) es un elemento metálico común en la corteza terrestre que actúa como componente estructural y tiene propiedades especifica indispensables para la vida de muchos organismos. Permite el crecimiento normal, desarrollo y reproducción en peces, sin embargo, en concentraciones elevadas puede llegar a ser toxico, causando numerosas afecciones sobre todo en las branquias. Dada su función en diversos procesos bioquímicos es regulado por estos, condicionando su bioacumulación y biomagnicación en la cadena troca. Los lagos andino-patagónicos se encuentran en la Zona Volcánica Sur de los Andes. En esta zona la actividad volcánica constituye una fuente natural importante de Zn a los ecosistemas acuáticos. El puyen chico, Galaxias maculatus, es un pequeño pez nativo de amplia distribución y abundancia en estos lagos y es un eslabón clave en la transferencia de nutrientes y metales pesados en las tramas trocas lacustres de Patagonia. El estudio de la acumulación de elementos traza en sus tejidos, asociado a variables ambientales y biológicas, es fundamental para lograr una mejor comprensión de los procesos involucrados en la acumulación y dinámica de elementos de origen volcánico en la Patagonia. En este trabajo se analizo la acumulación de Zn en muestras de musculo, hígado, riñón, branquias y piel de puyen chico pertenecientes a 12 lagos dentro del Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi. La concentración de Zn en las muestras se determino mediante la técnica de Análisis por Activación Neutrónica Instrumental utilizando el método paramétrico absoluto. Este estudio nos permitió evaluar si la variabilidad ambiental, ecológica y biológica pueden alterar la regulación del Zn en el puyen chico, así como el rol e importancia relativa de cada tejido en el proceso de bioacumulación de Zn. Las concentraciones de Zn en los distintos tejidos no mostraron ningún patrón de variación entre lagos cercanos y alejados del Complejo Volcánico Puyehue Cordón Caulle, ni entre lagos someros y profundos, sugiriendo que el puyen chico tiene una alta capacidad para regular el Zn en distintas condiciones ambientales. Se determinaron los factores de bioacumulación en función de los sedimentos, los cuales siguieron el orden: riñón > branquias > hígado > piel > musculo, con valores mayores a 1 en los tejidos de mayor metabolismo (riñón, branquias, hígado y piel) e igual a 1 en musculo. Esto sugiere que el puyen tiene una alta capacidad para acumular Zn y por tanto transferirlo a niveles tríocos superiores. Los valores mas altos de Zn se obtuvieron en órganos metabólicamente activos (riñón, branquias e hígado). Este patrón refleja el rol de cada órgano en el metabolismo del Zn. Riñon y branquias, con los valores mas altos y dispersos, reflejan su contacto con el agua y su participación en la excreción del Zn. Las concentraciones de Zn en el hígado son consistentes con su función como órgano de almacenamiento, distribución y detoxicación o biotransformación. La piel presento concentraciones de Zn en el orden de las registradas en el hígado. El puyen chico no posee escamas, por lo tanto su piel esta muy expuesta a la alta radiación solar en estos lagos de montaña de gran transparencia. Dado que el Zn interviene en la regulación de la pigmentación y se encuentra en las células pigmentarias, las concentraciones elevadas de Zn en la piel podrían estar evidenciando una defensa en contra de la alta radiación solar de los ambientes estudiados. Las menores concentraciones de Zn registradas en el musculo sugieren que este tejido no es un sitio activo para la transformación y acumulación de metales. Estos valores se encuentran por debajo del límite establecido por SENASA y por encima de las concentraciones registradas en otras especies de peces en cuerpos de agua con distinto grado de contaminación. Los niveles de Zn en los órganos y tejidos del puyen chico se mantienen en rangos poco variables a lo largo de varios ambientes y condiciones. De manera general se sugiere que el puyen chico tiene una gran capacidad para regular las concentraciones de Zn en sus tejidos y órganos.
Resumen en inglés
Zinc (Zn) is a common metallic element in the earth's crust that acts as a structural component and has specific properties that are essential for the life of many organisms. Allows normal growth, development and reproduction in fish. However, high concentrations it can become toxic, causing serious damage especially in the gills. Given its role in various biochemical processes, Zn is regulated by these organisms, conditioning its bioaccumulation and biomagnification in the food chain. Andean-Patagonian lakes are found in the Southern Volcanic Zone of the Andes. In this area, volcanic activity constitutes an important natural source of Zn in aquatic ecosystems. Galaxias maculatus (small puyen), is a small native fish with a wide distribution and abundance in these lakes. Playing a key role in the transfer of nutrients and heavy metals in Patagonia lacustrine food web. Study of the accumulation of trace elements in their tissues, associated with environmental and biological variables is essential to achieve a better understanding on the processes involved in the accumulation and dynamics of elements from volcanic activity. In this work, the accumulation of Zn in samples of muscle, liver, kidney, gills and skin of small puyen belonging to twelve lakes of Nahuel Huapi National Park was analyzed. Zn samples concentration was determined by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis technique using the absolute parametric method. This study allowed us to evaluate if environmental, ecological and biological variability can modify Zn regulation in small puyen, as well as the role and relative importance of each tissue in Zn bioaccumulation process. Zn concentrations in different tissues did not show any variation pattern between lakes near and far from Puyehue Cordón Caulle Volcanic Complex, or between shallow and deep lakes. Suggesting that small puyen has a high capacity to regulate Zn in different environmental conditions. Bioaccumulation factors (FBA) were determined based on sediments samples. Values obtained from FBA in different tissues show: kidney > gills > liver > skin > muscle, getting FBA > 1 in tissues with high metabolism (kidney, gills, liver and skin) and FBA = 1 in muscle. Suggesting that small puyen has a high capacity to accumulate Zn and therefore transfer it to higher trophic levels. The highest Zn concentration values were obtained in metabolically active organs (kidney, gills and liver). This behavior reflects the role of each organ in Zn metabolism. Kidney and gills, present the highest and most scattered values, reflect their contact with water and their participation in the excretion of Zn. Zn concentrations in the liver are consistent with its function as a storage, distribution, and detoxification or biotransformation organ. Skin presented Zn concentrations in the order of those registered in the liver. The small puyen does not have scales, therefore, its skin is very exposed to high solar radiation in these highly transparent mountain lakes. Since Zn is involved in the regulation of pigmentation and is found in pigment cells, high Zn concentrations in the skin could be showing a defense against high solar radiation in the environments studied. The lower Zn concentrations recorded in muscle suggest that this tissue is not an active site for the transformation and accumulation of metals. These values are below the limit established by SENASA and above the concentrations recorded in other fish species in water bodies with different contamination degrees. Zn levels in the organs and tissues of small puyen are maintained in little variable ranges throughout various environments and conditions. In general, we suggest that the small puyen has a great capacity to regulate the concentrations of Zn in its tissues and organs.
| Tipo de objeto: | Tesis (Trabajo Final (CEATEN)) |
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| Palabras Clave: | Zinc; Zinc; Heavy metals; Metales pesados; Biological accumulation; Acomulación biológica; Neutron activation analysis; Análisis por activación neutrónica; [Puyen chico; Volcano; Volcán] |
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| Materias: | Biología Física |
| Divisiones: | Energía nuclear > Ingeniería nuclear > Laboratorio de análisis por activación neutrónica |
| Código ID: | 1006 |
| Depositado Por: | Tamara Cárcamo |
| Depositado En: | 07 Jun 2022 12:41 |
| Última Modificación: | 07 Jun 2022 12:41 |
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