Castillo Elías, Julio R. (2022) Neurogénesis adulta y estabilidad de memorias / Adult neurogenesis and memory stability. Maestría en Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Instituto Balseiro.
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Resumen en español
La neurogénesis adulta es el nacimiento e integración de nuevas neuronas en cerebros maduros, y es una componente importante de la plasticidad cerebral. La plasticidad cerebral permite que los circuitos neuronales se adapten a las demandas ambientales, la cual es una función vital para la supervivencia. Se ha observado neurogénesis adulta en una amplia gama de vertebrados, entre ellos aves, peces, roedores, e incluso humanos. Sin embargo, el potencial neurogénico de los mamíferos como los humanos o roedores es mucho menor que el observado en teleósteos, como el pez cebra, el cual en los últimos años ha emergido como un modelo complementario a los roedores para el estudio de la neurogénesis adulta. Si la neurogénesis adulta favorece la plasticidad cerebral >Por qué la evolución seleccionó suprimir la presencia de este fenómeno a medida que subimos en la escala evolutiva? Las nuevas neuronas al madurar se integran funcionalmente a los circuitos pre-establecidos, y para ello compiten por recursos sinápticos con las neuronas maduras pre-existentes. En este trabajo estudiamos la hipótesis de que este continuo reacomodo circuital producto de la neurogénesis adulta por un lado favorece la plasticidad cerebral, pero por otro lado desestabiliza las redes neuronales, y en consecuencia también disminuye la estabilidad de las memorias previamente formadas, ocasionando olvido. Para ello empleamos aproximaciones computacionales y experimentales con el n de evaluar la interacción entre la actividad cognitiva y la neurogénesis adulta en el pallium del pez cebra. Nuestros resultados fueron acordes a esta hipótesis, y por un lado apuntan a que la neurogénesis adulta favorece procesos de aprendizaje, mientras que interfiere con la estabilidad de memorias. Sumado a eso, en otra línea de trabajo, estudiamos cómo la actividad circuital producto de un entrenamiento cognitivo que implica aprendizaje espacial y toma de decisiones, promueve la neurogénesis adulta en el pallium del pez cebra. Para dilucidar cuáles son los mecanismos detrás del aumento observado de la neurogénesis en ciertas regiones del pallium del pez cebra adaptamos un modelo de dinámica poblacional. Nuestro modelo deduce que la actividad circuital promueve tanto la proliferación encadenada de células madre neurales (NSCs) como la sobrevida de las neuronas recientemente generadas.
Resumen en inglés
Adult neurogenesis is a crucial component of brain plasticity because it involves the generation of new neurons that integrate into mature brains. Neural circuits may adjust to external demands thanks to brain plasticity, which is a crucial capability for survival. Adult neurogenesis has been seen in a variety of species, including birds, sh, rodents, and humans. The neurogenic capacity of mammals like humans and rats, on the other hand, is substantially lower than that of teleosts like zebrash. Why did evolution chose to suppress the occurrence of this phenomena as humans progressed up the evolutionary ladder, if adult neurogenesis enhances brain plasticity? As new neurons develop, they get functionally integrated into pre-existing circuits, vying for synaptic resources with mature neurons. In this work, we investigate the idea that while adult neurogenesis' continual circuit reconguration promotes brain plasticity, it also destabilizes neural networks, lowering the stability of previously created memories and so inducing forgetting. The connection between cognitive activity and adult neurogenesis in the zebrash pallium was studied using computational and experimental methods. Our ndings support this idea, indicating that adult neurogenesis improves learning processes while interfering with memory stability. Furthermore, in another line of research, we investigated how circuit activity resulting from cognitive training involving spatial learning and decision making stimulates adult neurogenesis in the zebrash pallium. We adapted a population dynamics model to explore the reasons behind the observed increase in neurogenesis in some locations of the zebrash pallium. Circuit activity enhances both the sequential proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs) and the survival of newly produced neurons, according to our model.
| Tipo de objeto: | Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias Físicas) |
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| Palabras Clave: | Plasticity; Plasticidad; Neural networks; Redes neuronales ; Memory; Memoria; [Adult neurogenesis; Neurogénesis adulta; Synaptogenesis; Sinaptogénesis; Neural stem cells; Progenitores ] |
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| Materias: | Medicina > Neurociencias |
| Divisiones: | Gcia. de área de Investigación y aplicaciones no nucleares > Gcia. de Física > Física médica |
| Código ID: | 1062 |
| Depositado Por: | Tamara Cárcamo |
| Depositado En: | 12 Jul 2022 10:24 |
| Última Modificación: | 12 Jul 2022 10:24 |
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