Clauser, César F. (2018) Dinámica de partículas alfa en plasma magnetizados y el efecto de las colisiones en la interacción partícula-plasma / Dynamics of alpha particles in magnetized plasma and the effect of collisions on the particle-plasma interaction. Tesis Doctoral en Física, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Instituto Balseiro.
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Resumen en español
Estudiamos la dinámica de partículas alfa en plasmas y el efecto de las colisiones atómicas en la interacción partícula-plasma. En una primera parte, nos hemos enfocado en la dinámica de partículas alfa en dispositivos de fusión por confinamiento magnético, con particular atención en el rol de las colisiones elásticas y los procesos atómicos sobre esta dinámica. En una segunda parte, nos hemos enfocado en cómo se ven modificadas las interacciones atómicas (colisiones elásticas e inelásticas) por las propiedades del plasma, al aumentar su grado de degeneración. Esta segunda parte tiene importancia en los estudios de fusión por confinamiento inercial. Para la parte primera hemos desarrollado un código, FOCUS, que se ejecuta en procesadores gráficos (GPUs). El código sigue orbitas completas de las partículas cargadas, resolviendo la ecuación de Newton con la fuerza de Lorentz. Para ello, puede usar campos calculados de forma analítica o numérica, y también es posible usar la información provista por códigos de reconstrucción de equilibrios o de transporte. FOCUS tiene un módulo de colisiones elásticas que ha sido desarrollado para cubrir todos los rangos de energías de las partículas (no relativistas) involucrados en dispositivos de fusión por confinamiento magnético. Más aún, se ha desarrollado un módulo de colisiones inelásticas para incluir la interacción de las partículas simuladas con el plasma, especies neutras y/o parcialmente ionizadas. Respecto al desempeño computacional del código, la característica principal es que el código se ejecuta en GPUs, lo cual permite simular un gran número de partículas con un costo computacional y económico modesto. Con el código desarrollado, estudiamos el efecto producido por los cambios de carga sobre la dinámica de partículas alfa en un plasma magnetizado, al considerar procesos atómicos con especies del plasma y neutros. Para ello hemos hecho una búsqueda de los procesos relevantes que pueden intervenir en las condiciones de un plasma de fusión por confinamiento magnético. Empleamos cálculos analíticos y numéricos para mostrar que este mecanismo produce un transporte que puede ser importante en las regiones del borde del plasma. A este mecanismo lo denominamos transporte inelástico. Este ha sido el primer estudio que presenta una evidencia clara de la importancia de procesos atómicos en la dinámica de partículas alfa. Para realizar estos estudios hemos utilizado, en una primera instancia, aproximaciones sencillas para mostrar la física básica involucrada. Presentamos el proceso difusivo que se origina debido a cambios de carga. Además, hemos mostrado que se produce un flujo neto cuando hay gradientes de densidades y temperatura en las especies con las que se interactúa. Posteriormente, hemos extendido estos estudios a una configuración magnética tipo Tokamak, con los parámetros previstos para el futuro reactor ITER. Para esta configuración hemos obtenido, con FOCUS, una distribución estacionaria de partículas alfa. Hemos mostrado que, para densidades de neutros suficientemente altas, se produce una modificación del perl de densidad de las partículas alfa debido al transporte inelástico. Finalmente hemos estudiado la redistribución de las partículas alfa sobre la pared y el divertor de ITER, debida a estos procesos atómicos, utilizando datos de códigos ampliamente conocidos por la comunidad de fusión. En la segunda parte hemos estudiado la pérdida de energía, debida a colisiones elásticas y las resonancias de energía cero que se producen en las secciones ecaces de procesos atómicos. Por un lado, para la pérdida de energía hemos empleado un método colisional semiclásico basado en ondas parciales, y que lo denominamos SPWS. Este método reproduce los resultados cuánticos de una manera satisfactoria aún en condiciones muy exigentes de densidades y temperaturas de plasmas. Hemos comparado este método con el método o formalismo dieléctrico usando una extensión de la función dieléctrica de Linhard para plasmas. A través de esta comparación hemos mostrado las limitaciones que presenta el formalismo dieléctrico y el origen de estas. En todos los casos el método SPWS mostró un comportamiento correcto para diferentes tipos de proyectiles y distintos regímenes de velocidades. Por otro lado, hemos investigado la aparición de efectos de resonancia de energía cero para procesos atómicos que ocurren dentro de un plasma. Para ello, hemos aplicado la teoría de interacción en el estado final para cubrir la presencia de estos efectos en condiciones particulares de densidad y temperatura. Con esta formulación, estudiamos la distorsión que estas resonancias pueden producir en la correspondiente sección ecaz cuando el momento relativo del par de partículas intervinientes en el proceso atómico se anula. Ejemplificamos este desarrollo general para el caso de la fotoionización. Finalmente mostramos que, para con densidades suficientemente bajas y/o temperaturas suficientemente altas (por ejemplo, en plasmas de fusión por confinamiento magnético), estas resonancias pueden suprimirse por los efectos de inhomogeneidades del plasma. Por el contrario, en otras condiciones (por ejemplo, en plasmas de fusión por confinamiento inercial), se puede presentar una situación propicia para la aparición de estas resonancias, produciendo secciones ecaces varias veces superior que las estimadas de manera usual, en el umbral de energía.
Resumen en inglés
We studied alpha particle dynamics in plasmas and the effect of atomic collisions on the plasma{particle interaction. In the rst part of this thesis, we focus on alpha particle dynamics in magnetic fusion devices and the role of elastic and inelastic collisions on their dynamics. In the second part, we focus on how atomic collisions are modied by plasma properties when the plasma degeneracy increases. This second part is relevant for inertial connement fusion research. For the rst part, we have developed a particle code, named FOCUS (An acronym for Full-Orbit CUda Solver) which runs on GPUs. FOCUS calculates charged particle trajectories in magnetized plasmas by solving Newton's equation with the Lorentz force. The code can use elds calculated analytically or numerically and it is also possible to use the information provided by equilibrium reconstruction and transport codes. FOCUS has an elastic collisions module which covers the whole (non-relativistic) particle energy range in magnetic fusion devices. Moreover, an atomic collision module was also included to simulate the interaction of the test particles with the plasma and neutral or partially ionized species. Regarding performance, the main feature is that the code runs on GPUs, allowing the simulation of a large number of particles using moderate computational resources. With the FOCUS code, we studied the effect of charge changes, due to atomic processes, on the alpha particle dynamics in magnetized plasmas. We employed analytical calculations and numerical simulations to show that this process can be very important in the pedestal-edge-SOL regions. We named this mechanism inelastic transport. This was the rst study to present clear evidence of the importance of atomic processes on alpha particle diffusion and transport. At rst, we used simple approximations to show the basic physics involved. Then, we presented the diffusive processes due to charge changes. In addition, we showed the existence of an inward flux when there are gradients in plasma density and temperature as well as in neutral densities. We extended the previous studies to a Tokamak conguration with the parameters of the future ITER reactor. For this conguration, we obtained a stationary alpha particle distribution and identied an energetic and a thermal component. We showed that for high enough neutral densities, the alpha particle density is modied at the edge due to the inelastic transport. Finally, we studied the alpha particle redistribution in the ITER wall and divertor due to atomic processes, using data provided by well-known codes. In the second part of this thesis we studied the energy loss due to elastic collisions and zero-energy resonances in atomic processes ocurring in a plasma. On one hand, for the energy loss we employed a semiclassical method based on quantum scattering theory, which we called the SPWS method. This method reproduces quantum results with very good agreement even in several extreme conditions of plasma densities and temperatures, and agrees with the results of linear or perturbative calculations for bare ions in the appropriate limits. We compared the SPWS method with the dielectric formalism. For the latter, we have employed the full description given by the extension of the Lindhard dielectric function for plasmas of all degeneracies. We showed that the dielectric formalism has limitations when it is used for slow heavy ions or atoms in dense plasmas. We presented a study of these limitations and showed the regimes where the dielectric formalism can be used, with appropriate corrections to include the usual quantum and classical limits. On the other hand, the semiclassical method showed the correct behavior for all plasma conditions and projectile velocities and charges. We considered different models for the ion charge distributions, including bare and dressed ions as well as neutral atoms. On the other hand, we investigated the emergence of zero-energy resonance effects in atomic processes occurring within a plasma. By applying the nal{state interaction theory we uncovered the presence of these effects for particular congurations of density and temperature. We studied the distortions that these resonances might produce in the corresponding cross sections whenever the relative momentum of a pair of charged particles intervening in the atomic process vanishes. We exemplied this general theory by applying it to the study of the photoionization process. Finally we demonstrated that while for low enough plasma densities or high enough temperatures (like those of a magnetic fusion plasma) these resonances might be blurred out by inhomogeneities; On the contrary, for high enough densities (like those of a inertial fusion plasma) the plasma might be tuned to the conditions for a zero-energy resonance, producing cross sections many times larger than standard estimates at the energy threshold.
| Tipo de objeto: | Tesis (Tesis Doctoral en Física) |
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| Palabras Clave: | Fusion (Nuclear); Alpha particles; Partículas alfa; [Plasma physics; Física de plasma; Energy loss; Perdida de energía; Zero-energy resonances; Resonancias de energía cero] |
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| Materias: | Física |
| Divisiones: | Investigación y aplicaciones no nucleares > Física > Fusión nuclear y física de plasmas |
| Código ID: | 1091 |
| Depositado Por: | Tamara Cárcamo |
| Depositado En: | 26 Aug 2022 16:16 |
| Última Modificación: | 26 Aug 2022 16:16 |
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