Soul, Hugo (2011) Aleaciones con memoria de forma, propiedades mecánicas y microestructura. Desarrollo de sistemas de amortiguamiento basados en el efecto superelástico. / Shape memory alloys, mechanical propierties and microstructure. Development of damping systems based on superelastic effect. Tesis Doctoral en Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Instituto Balseiro.
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Resumen en español
El Efecto Superelástico, característico de las Aleaciones con Memoria de Forma (AMF), consiste en la posibilidad de producir deformaciones reversibles cercanas al 10% por la aplicación de cargas mecánicas. Esto es posible debido a la existencia de una transformación martensítica en estos materiales la que se puede inducir cuando la carga aplicada supera un cierto valor crítico. Al quitar la misma se produce la retransformación, aunque a una tensión inferior a la anterior, recuperándose las dimensiones originales. En consecuencia, la curva de tensión-deformación ( s−e) encierra un área de histéresis, que representa energía disipada. En el ámbito de la ingeniería estructural se busca explotar esta capacidad de disipar energía asociada al comportamiento superelástico en el diseño de sistemas pasivos de amortiguamiento en estructuras sometidas a cargas dinámicas. En el presente trabajo se estudiaron distintos aspectos vinculados con este tipo de aplicaciones utilizando materiales comerciales de aleación NiTi, que dentro de las AMF, son las que han alcanzado mayor relevancia tecnológica hasta el presente. Se realizó una extensa caracterización experimental sobre alambres de NiTi que incluyó la evaluación de las propiedades disipativas bajo diferentes condiciones de ciclado y el estudio de los efectos en el comportamiento asociados al carácter localizado de la transformación. Entre las propiedades disipativas están el área de histéresis DW y el amortiguamiento específico (SDC) que relaciona la energía disipada y el trabajo máximo de deformación W. Un aspecto común para las geometrías estudiadas es la evolución de la energía de histéresis y del SDC con el número de ciclos, junto con una acumulación de deformación plástica hasta alcanzar un comportamiento estable. Dependiendo de las condiciones en que se realice este ciclado y del diámetro del alambre los valores de DW varían desde 20-25 MJ/m3 iniciales a 5-10 MJ/m3 acumulando deformaciones residuales de hasta un 2%. Los alambres en condición estable pueden presentar SDC en torno a 0,5 a temperatura ambiente. Por otro lado se observó una importante dependencia de las curvas s−e con la velocidad de ciclado. Tanto el SDC como DW se maximiza para una determinada velocidad, pudiendo alcanzar hasta el doble de su valor en condiciones isotérmicas. Esta dependencia se estudia elaborando un modelo 1-D que permite entender este comportamiento a través de la consideración del acoplamiento entre los efectos térmicos asociados al calor latente de transformación y las tensiones que dependen a su vez de la temperatura. Se evalúa así el aporte de los efectos térmicos al área de histéresis mecánica, existiendo un máximo que explica los resultados experimentales. Este modelo fue luego modificado de manera de incluir la evolución de las tensiones de transformación con el ciclado (fatiga funcional). Se simularon diferentes historias de ciclados, obteniéndose importantes acuerdos con datos experimentales. Se realizaron además ensayos de respuesta dinámica sobre un pórtico flexible y un cable estructural a los que se incorporaron alambres de NiTi como elemento amortiguador, Los resultados demuestran la capacidad de los alambres en producir la mitigación de las oscilaciones respecto de las estructuras libres. A partir de los registros de fuerzas y desplazamientos, y con la ayuda de simulaciones numéricas se puede verificar cuantitativamente el aporte de la histéresis Superelástica. Por otro lado se diseñó y ensayó un dispositivo amortiguador de doble acción en base a alambres de NiTi con el que se intentan además optimizar las propiedades de recentrado.
Resumen en inglés
Superelastic Effect, exhibited by the so-called Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) consists in the capacity of withstand deformations up to 10% under mechanical loading. This is possible due to the underlying martensític transformation which is induced when the applied load overcomes a critical value. When the load is retired the retransformation occurs and the deformation is recovered but at a lower stress level. As a consequence the stress-strain curve ( s−e) encloses a hysteresis loop, which mechanical energy dissipated as heat. Structural Engineers are interested on exploiting both, the energy dissipation capabilities and the possibility to develop devices with recentring characteristics in the design of passive damping systems for structures under dynamical loading. In the present work different aspects related with such applications, using commercial NiTi alloys which has reached the most important technological interest are addressed. An extensive experimental characterization which included the assessment of dissipative properties of NiTi wires under different cycling conditions and a study of the localized characteristics of the transformation were made. The hysteresis area DW and the Specific Damping Capacity SDC are the parameters with which the dissipative capacities are evaluated. The SDC relates DW and the maximum deformation work W. A common aspect among the different wire diameters is the evolution of both DW and the SDC with the number of cycles until up to a stable condition is reached. Depending on the conditions of this initial cycling and on the wire diameter, DW varies from 20-25 MJ/m3 to 5-10 MJ/m3 with the accumulation of residual strains up to 2%. Wires in stable conditions exhibit at ambient temperatures SDC values around 0.5. On the other hand, a strong dependence of s−e with cycling velocity was observed. There is a velocity at which both SDC and DW are maximized reaching the last up to the double of its value at very low velocities. This problem is addressed by developing a thermomechanical 1-D model with which is possible to get into account thermal effects associated to the transformation latent heat and the stresses which in turn depends on the temperature. The contribution of the thermal effects to the mechanical hysteresis is quantified by these. After this, the model was modified in order to introduce the transformation stress changes with the cycle number (functional fatigue). Several cycling histories were simulated, getting important agreement with experimental data. Dynamical response tests were performed additionally over a flexible portico and a structural cable which different NiTi configurations were implemented. Results show the damping capabilities of the NiTi wires with the mitigation of the oscillations in comparison with the free structures. The performances were quantitatively assessed using displacement and force measurements. With the help of some simple numerical simulations the contribution of the hysteresis can be verified. Finally, some characterization tests results of a double-effect device are presented. With this device the recentring capabilities are expected to be optimized.
| Tipo de objeto: | Tesis (Tesis Doctoral en Ciencias de la Ingeniería) |
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| Palabras Clave: | Shape memory alloys; Aleaciones con memoria de forma; Superelasticity; Superelasticidad; Damping; Amortiguación; Thermomechanical coupling; Acoplamiento Termomecánico; Mechanical properties; Propiedades mecánicas; Microstructure; Microestructura |
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| Materias: | Ingeniería > Medida de las propiedades mecánicas de los materiales Física > Física de materiales Metalurgia > Aleaciones |
| Divisiones: | Investigación y aplicaciones no nucleares > Física > Física de metales |
| Código ID: | 266 |
| Depositado Por: | Marisa G. Velazco Aldao |
| Depositado En: | 13 May 2011 14:58 |
| Última Modificación: | 13 May 2011 14:58 |
Personal del repositorio solamente: página de control del documento
