Zemma, Elisa (2015) Estudio experimental de la turbulencia y disipación en helio superfluido mediante osciladores mecánicos y visualización del flujo . / Experimental study of turbulence and dissipation in superfluid He by mechanical oscillators and flow visualization. Tesis Doctoral en Física, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Instituto Balseiro.
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Resumen en español
El objetivo de este trabajo es obtener información experimental que contribuya a dilucidar aspectos de la turbulencia en superfluidos. La tesis puede dividirse en dos partes. En la primer parte, se estudió la respuesta de un oscilador de doble paleta de Silicio, sumergido en Helio entre la temperatura de transición superfluida Tλ = 2,17 K y los 1,55 K. En este oscilador de alto factor de calidad Q, medimos la frecuencia de resonancia y la disipación para tres modos de oscilación, y definimos la velocidad crítica V_c cuando la disipación Q"-1 deja de ser lineal. La no linealidad se toma como un indicador del comienzo de la turbulencia del Helio líquido y encontramos que V_c decrece con la temperatura. Usamos la densidad de la componente normal del superfluido para obtener el número de Reynolds asociado a esta V_c y encontramos un valor que es prácticamente independiente de temperatura. Así, en el rango de temperaturas estudiado, la transición parecería estar gobernada por la fracción normal actuando como en un fluido clásico. Examinando las curvas de resonancia, de las cuales se obtiene el valor de Q, se encontró que cuando la amplitud de oscilación es lo suficientemente grande para generar turbulencia, su forma es afectada por dos regímenes de disipación y que la oscilación puede permanecer en régimen lineal para frecuencias no resonantes. Así, se introduce una ambigüedad en el cálculo del factor de disipación Q"-1. Con nuestros datos experimentales buscamos una forma de calcular este parámetro y evaluamos la fuerza de fricción como función de la velocidad en el oscilador de doble paleta de Si. Para la segunda parte, se obtuvieron imágenes del flujo turbulento basándonos en el hecho de que micrométricas partículas sólidas pueden trazar en detalle la dinámica y la turbulencia del Helio superfluido. Se desarrollaron técnicas para producir partículas de H_2 sólido dentro del Helio superfluido modificando el criostato para iluminarlas y filmarlas. Tomamos imágenes a 240 fps de estas partículas de H_2 que siguen el flujo generado por la oscilación de cuerpos de distintas geometrías en el interior del Helio, entre los 2,1 y 1,7 K Con un software que desarrollamos a partir del programa Matlab, computamos las velocidades y trayectorias de miles de partículas. Obtuvimos el número de partículas para intervalos igualmente espaciados del módulo de la velocidad, encontrando que la probabilidad de hallar partículas con altas velocidades tiene un decaimiento exponencial. Cuando reproducimos el experimento con partículas de talco en aire, como control, encontramos el resultado esperado para fluidos clásicos, una distribución gaussiana. También hemos obtenido la Transformada de Fourier de las velocidades de partículas individuales y de las velocidades promediadas, encontrando que esta última puede ser caracterizada, en todos los osciladores medidos, por un ruido blanco. Se finaliza presentando imágenes en las que las partículas de H_2 forman estructuras, posiblemente decorando vórtices ya que se mueven en forma coordinada, estrechándose o estirándose. Analizamos una de ellas y concluimos que muy probablemente se debe a un vórtice superfluido sujeto al oscilador.
Resumen en inglés
The aim of this work is to obtain experimental data for describing aspects of superfluid turbulence. The thesis can be split into two parts. In the first part, we study the beginning of the turbulence by use of a silicon double paddle oscillator between the superfluid transition temperature, Tλ = 2.17 K and 1.55K. In this system of high Q, we measured the resonance frequency and the dissipation for three modes of oscillation, detecting the onset of turbulence at a velocity V_c where the response of the system becomes non linear. We found that this critical velocity V_c for the beginning of the turbulence decreases with temperature. We used the density of the normal component of superfluid to obtein the Reynolds number associated with this V_c and found a value that is not substantially dependent on temperature. Thus, in the range of temperatures studied, the transition seems governed by normal fraction acting as in a classic fluid. Examining the resonance curves was found that when the amplitude is large enough to generate turbulence, its shape is affected by two regimes dissipation and that oscillation can remain in linear regime for non-resonant frequencies. Thus, an ambiguity is introduced into the calculation of the quality factor Q"-1. With our experimental data, we seek a way to calculate this parameter and evaluate the friction force as a function of speed in the silicon double paddle oscillator. For the second part, we image the turbulent flow relying on the fact that micron solid particles can trace the dynamics and turbulence of superfluid helium. We adapted techniques for producing solid H_2 particles and took images at 240 fps of these particles that follow the flow generated by the oscillation of bodies of different geometries inside helium, between 2.1 and 1.7K. We developed a program based on the Matlab software to follow the particle velocities and trajectories. We compute the velocities and trajectories of thousands of particles, evaluating the number of particles obtained for evenly spaced intervals in modulus velocity. We found that the probability that a given particle have a high speed has an exponential decay. As a control we reproduced the experiment with talcum particles in air, finding the expected result for classical fluids, a Gaussian distribution. We have also obtained the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of the speeds of individual particles and averaged over particles, the averaged FFT is characterized, in all oscillators measured by a white noise. Finally, we present images where H_2 particles form structures,possibly decorating vortices, since they move in a coordinated way, narrowing or stretching. One of them adheres to the vibrating beam, analyzing it we conclude it is probably a decorating superfluid vortex attached to the oscillator.
| Tipo de objeto: | Tesis (Tesis Doctoral en Física) |
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| Información Adicional: | Área temática: Materia condensada, superfluidez |
| Palabras Clave: | Critical velocity; Velocidad Crítica; Flow visualization; Visualización de flujo; [Quantum turbulence; Turbulencia cuántica; Superfluid helium; Helio superfluido; Vibrating paddle; Paleta vibrante; Tracer particles; Partículas trazadoras; Vortex superfluid; Vórtice superfluido] |
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| Materias: | Física |
| Divisiones: | Gcia. de área de Investigación y aplicaciones no nucleares > Gcia. de Física > Materia condensada > Bajas temperaturas |
| Código ID: | 497 |
| Depositado Por: | Marisa G. Velazco Aldao |
| Depositado En: | 29 Sep 2015 14:51 |
| Última Modificación: | 29 Sep 2015 14:51 |
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