Anguiano, Sebastián (2019) Optomecánica y optoelectrónica en microrresonadores basados en espejos de Bragg. / Optomechanics and optoelectronics in distributed Bragg reflector - based micro resonators. Tesis Doctoral en Física, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Instituto Balseiro.
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Resumen en español
En este trabajo estudiamos un sistema propuesto algunos años atrás como un posible candidato para la demostración de efectos optomecánicos en el rango de las decenas y cientos de GHz, con la ventaja de ser fácilmente integrable en circuitos optoelectró- nicos. El mismo consiste en una cavidad formada por un espaciador de GaAs ubicado entre dos espejos de Bragg (DBRs), crecidos epitaxialmente. Dos muestras basadas en la misma estructura fueron estudiadas: por un lado, una muestra tal como fue crecida, es decir, plana; por otro, una muestra idéntica a la anterior, pero a la cual se le grabaron pilares de distinto tamaño lateral mediante litografía por haces iónicos reactivos (ICP-RIE). Este sistema con un espaciador de GaAs es el más simple de su tipo, por lo que sirve como base para una amplia variedad de posibilidades, ya que durante el mismo proceso de crecimiento epitaxial es posible agregar pozos y/o puntos cuánticos donde se lo desee, permitiendo hacer ingeniería de las interacciones y del acoplamiento con distintos grados de libertad. Entenderlo es, entonces, de gran importancia. Para ello se realizó una serie de experimentos, en los cuales se buscó entender el sistema y los mecanismos que gobiernan las interacciones entre fotones, electrones y fonones. Asimismo, se buscó demostrar la existencia de efectos optomecánicos debidos al acoplamiento entre los modos acústicos y ópticos de cavidad. En primer lugar se estudió el efecto del confinamiento lateral sobre los modos ópticos de las estructuras. Para ello se llevaron a cabo experimentos de microscopía de fotoluminiscencia con resolución espacial (campo cercano) y angular (campo lejano), mediante un sistema de microscopía desarrollado durante el presente trabajo. Para caracterizar los modos acústicos en este tipo de estructuras se llevaron a cabo mediciones de dispersión Raman resonante. Utilizando un arreglo que permite obtener espectros de ultra-alta resolución se obtuvieron los primeros espectros de los modos acústicos propios de estas estructuras. En este tipo de experimentos se observa la presencia tanto de los modos acústicos de cavidad como de modos acústicos extendidos (de centro de zona de Brillouin). Si bien la amplitud de las tensiones debida a estos últimos es despreciable comparada con la correspondiente a los modos de cavidad, debido a la simetría de su distribución espacial y a la existencia de un acoplamiento no nulo en los espejos, la intensidad de la dispersión observada es aproximadamente del mismo orden. A pesar de utilizar un equipo de ultra-alta resolución, los anchos espectrales de los modos de cavidad no pudieron ser resueltos, debido a su gran factor de calidad Qm (larga vida media). La existencia de significativa luz espuria impidió realizar mediciones de este tipo en pilares de diámetro menor a 60 μm. Por otro lado, si bien la dispersión Raman aporta información valiosa respecto de efectos optomecánicos estacionarios, la dinámica temporal de los procesos involucrados no es accesible. Incluso la vida media de los modos acústicos de cavidad, reflejada en el ancho espectral de los modos acústicos, es demasiado larga hasta para la máxima resolución posible experimentalmente, por lo que tampoco puede estimarse a partir de este tipo de mediciones. Para sortear estos problemas se investigaron, mediante la técnica de reflectometría diferencial ultra-rápida (bombeo-sondeo), los modos acústicos de cavidad, su dinámica temporal y el acoplamiento optomecánico. Utilizando el arreglo de microscopía multiprop ósito desarrollado, se estudió la dependencia con el tamaño lateral (L) de la amplitud de las vibraciones generadas y detectadas (relacionada con el factor de acoplamiento optomecánico g0), la frecuencia de las mismas (ω_0) y su vida media (Ƭ ). Los resultados muestran un aumento en la amplitud de las vibraciones mecánicas (α1=L) y una disminución de su vida media (α L=ω_0), al disminuir el tamaño de los pilares. Esta caída de la vida media debida a la micro-estructuración conlleva una diferencia importante en el factor de calidad mecánico ջm de los resonadores de menor tamaño. Para el modo de ~19 GHz, por ejemplo, esto se traduce en pasar de un valor nominal de ~37000 (si se consideran sólo las pérdidas debidas al escape de fonones al substrato) a valores reales por debajo de ~1100 para pilares de tamaño lateral menor a 7 μm. Por otro lado, debido al confinamiento lateral generado por la micro-estructuración, se observó un aumento en la frecuencia de los modos mecánicos. Este cambio es diferente para los distintos modos, siendo en aproximación inversamente proporcional al área de confinamiento y a la frecuencia de los mismos (α1=ω_0L"2). Estos resultados se explican mediante una serie de modelos que tienen en cuenta el efecto del confinamiento lateral, así como la influencia creciente de la imperfecciones superficiales, a medida que se reduce el tamaño lateral. Además de la respuesta mecánica, se analizó, en función del tamaño lateral, la evolución del sistema electrónico luego de una excitación láser ultra-rápida, y su relación con la dinámica del modo óptico y la eficiencia de generación y detección de fonones coherentes. Al ser los electrones los mediadores entre los campos electromagnéticos y las vibraciones, la comprensión de su dinámica temporal es importante para interpretar la generación y detección de fonones coherentes en los experimentos de reflectometría ultra-rápida. Para profundizar la comprensión de esta dinámica, y su influencia sobre la respuesta óptica de las muestras, se diseño y se puso en práctica una nueva técnica compuesta, la cual aprovecha las ventaja del equipo de reflectometría ultra-rápida y del de espectroscopía. Gracias a la misma, es posible estudiar la respuesta espectral del modo óptico durante los instantes que dura la excitación óptica, así como durante la recuperación posterior. Durante la excitación, se presenta una dinámica compleja, donde se observa emisión de luz desplazada en energía debido al cambio rápido en las propiedades ópticas generado por el pulso de excitación (conversión de frecuencias). Por otro lado, los resultados experimentales muestran una caída en el tiempo característico de recuperación del modo óptico para pilares por debajo de ~10 μm de lado. Mediante la comparación con un modelo teórico, se demuestra que la recuperación luego de la excitación esta dominada por la difusión lateral de los portadores foto-excitados y su eventual recombinación en la superficie. Mediante una ligera modificación del esquema experimental, es posible ralentizar o incluso bloquear la recuperación del modo óptico, por medio de la excitación de portadores con un láser de emisión continua, evidenciando fenómenos de biestabilidad óptica. Finalmente, se estudió un fenómeno que surge al excitar una cavidad óptica mediante un láser de energía mayor a la del gap electrónico del GaAs, con una potencia elevada y en un área reducida. El mismo se manifiesta por la aparición de picos de emisión de fotoluminiscencia a energías por debajo del modo óptico fundamental. Mediante la caracterización espacial y angular de esta emisión, y por medio de un modelo teórico, se demuestra que esto se debe a la formación de una zona localizada de mayor índice de refracción, que funciona como un pozo de potencial óptico 3D. Lo que esto significa es que se forman nuevos estados ópticos permitidos, análogos a los observados en los pilares, y confinados dentro del área excitada. Para determinar el origen de este fenómeno, se llevaron a cabo mediciones modulando el haz de excitación mediante un modulador de frecuencia y ciclo de trabajo sintonizables. Los resultados obtenidos confirman que el origen del cambio en el índice de refracción es térmico. Durante la realización de esta tesis, se logró una profunda comprensión del sistema de interés, allanando el camino para el diseño y estudio de muestras de mayor complejidad, así como para la demostración de efectos de retroacción dinámica en estos dispositivos. Asimismo, se desarrollaron nuevos métodos experimentales y de procesamiento de datos que asientan las bases para la realización de nuevos e interesantes experimentos en el ámbito de la optoelectrónica y optomecánica en cavidades basadas en espejos de Bragg.
Resumen en inglés
In this paper we study a system proposed a few years ago as a possible candidate for the demonstration of optomechanical effects at frequencies up to of hundreds of GHz, with the advantage of being easily integrated in optoelectronic circuits. It consists of a cavity formed by a GaAs spacer located between two Bragg mirrors (DBRs), grown epitaxially. Two samples based on the same structure were studied: on the one hand, an as-grown sample, that is, plane; on the other hand, a sample identical to the previous one, but to which pillars of different lateral size were engraved by reactive ion etching lithography (ICP-RIE). This system with a bulk GaAs spacer is the simplest of its kind, so it serves as a basis for a wide variety of possibilities, since during the process of epitaxial growth it is possible to add quantum wells and/or quantum dots where desired, allowing the engineering of the interactions and coupling to different degrees of freedom. Understanding this system is, then, of great importance. To this end, a series of experiments were performed, in which the aim was to understand the mechanisms that govern the interactions between photons, electrons and phonons in this system. Moreover, it was sought to demonstrate the existence of optomechanical effects due to the coupling between the acoustic and optical cavity modes. First, we studied the effect of lateral conffinement on the optical modes of the structures. To do this, photoluminescence microscopy experiments with spatial (near field) and angular (far field) resolution were carried out using a microscopy system developed during the present work. Furthermore, to characterize the acoustic modes in these structures, resonant Raman scattering measurements were performed. By means of an ultra-high resolution spectroscopy technique, the first spectra of the acoustic modes of these structures were obtained. In these experiments, the presence of both acoustic cavity modes and extended acoustic modes (Brillouin zone center) are observed. Although the amplitude of the stress field due to the latter is negligible compared to that of the cavity modes, due to the symmetry of its spatial distribution and the existence of a non-zero coupling in the mirrors, the observed intensity of the dispersion is approximately of the same order. Despite using an ultra-high resolution equipment, the spectral widths of the cavity modes could not be resolved, due to their high quality factor Qm (long mean life). The existence of significant spurious light prevented measurements of this kind for pillars with a diameter below 60 μm. On the other hand, although the Raman dispersion provides valuable information regarding stationary optomechanical effects, the temporal dynamics of the processes involved is not accessible. Even the mean life of the acoustic cavity modes, reffected in the spectral width of the acoustic modes, is too long even for the maximum resolution possible experimentally, so it can not be estimated from these measurements either. To solve these problems, the acoustic cavity modes, their temporal dynamics and the optomechanical coupling were investigated by ultra-fast differential reffectometry (pump-probe technique). Using the developed multi-purpose microscopy arrangement, we studied the dependence of the amplitude of the generated and detected vibrations (related to the optomechanical coupling factor g_0), their frequency (ω_0) and their mean life (Ƭ) with lateral size (L). The results show an increase in the amplitude of the mechanical vibrations (α 1=L) and a decrease in their mean life (α L=ω_0), when reducing the size of the pillars. This decrease in the mean life due to micro-structuring leads to an important difference in the mechanical quality factor ջm of the pillars. For the ~19 GHz mode, for example, it translates to a fall from a nominal value of ~37000 (if only the losses due to the escape of phonons toward the substrate are considered) to real values below ~1100 for pillars with lateral size shorter than 7μm. On the other hand, due to the lateral confinement generated by the micro-structuring, an increase in the frequency of the mechanical modes was observed. This change is different for each mode, being in approximation inversely proportional to the conffnement area and their frequency (α1=ω_0L"2). These results are explained by a series of models that take into account the effect of lateral conffnement, as well as the increasing influence of surface imperfections, as the lateral size is reduced. In addition to the mechanical response, we analyzed, as a function of the lateral size, the evolution of the electronic system after an ultra-fast laser excitation, and its relation with the dynamics of the optical mode and the coherent phonon generation and detection eficiencies. Since electrons are the mediators between electromagnetic fields and vibrations, the understanding of their temporal dynamics is important to interpret the generation and detection of coherent phonons in pump-probe experiments. To deepen the understanding of this temporal dynamics, as well as its influence on the optical response of the samples, a new composite technique was designed and implemented, which takes advantage of the ultra-fast refflectometry and the spectroscopy equipments. With it, it is possible to study the spectral response of the optical mode during the moments that lasts the optical excitation, as well as during the subsequent recovery. During excitation, a complex dynamic is observed, with emission of light shifted in energy is present due to the rapid change in the optical properties generated by the pump pulse (wavelength conversion). On the other hand, the experimental results show a rapid decrease in the characteristic recovery time of the optical mode for pillars of lateral size below ~10 μm. Comparing with a theoretical model, it is demonstrated that the recovery after excitation is dominated by the lateral diffusion of the photoexcited carriers and their recombination on the surface. With a slight modification of the experimental setup, it is possible to slow down or even block the recovery of the optical mode, by excitation of carriers with a continuous wave laser, evidencing optical bistability fenomena at play. Finally, a phenomenon was studied, which arises when an optical cavity is excited by a laser of energy greater than the GaAs electronic bandgap, with high power and in a reduced area. It manifests itself through the appearance of photoluminescence emission peaks at energies below the fundamental optical mode. By means of the spatial and angular characterization of this emission, as well as a theoretical model, it is shown that this is due to the formation of a localized area with a higher refractive index, which functions as a 3D optical potential well. This means that new permitted optical states are formed, analogous to those observed in the pillars, and conffined within the excited area. To determine the origin of this phenomenon, measurements were carried out modulating the excitation beam with a modulator of tunable frequency and duty cycle. The results obtained confirm that the origin of the change in the refractive index is thermal. During the realization of this thesis, a deep understanding of the system of interest was achieved, paving the way for the design and study of samples of greater complexity, as well as the demonstration of dynamic backaction in these devices. Also, new experimental and data processing methods were developed, which lay the foundations for the realization of new and interesting experiments in the field of optoelectronics and optomechanics in Bragg-mirror-based cavities.
| Tipo de objeto: | Tesis (Tesis Doctoral en Física) |
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| Palabras Clave: | Optics; Óptica; Acoustics; Acústica; [Optomechanics; Optomecánica; Optoelectronics; Optoelectrónica] |
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| Materias: | Física > Optomecánica en cavidades |
| Divisiones: | Gcia. de área de Investigación y aplicaciones no nucleares > Gcia. de Física > Materia condensada > Laboratorio de fotónica y optoelectrónica |
| Código ID: | 809 |
| Depositado Por: | Tamara Cárcamo |
| Depositado En: | 01 Mar 2021 10:59 |
| Última Modificación: | 01 Mar 2021 10:59 |
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