Maidana Capitán, Melisa B. (2019) Potenciales extracelulares como descriptores del comportamiento en el lóbulo temporal. / Local field potentials as behabioural descriptors in the temporal lobe. Tesis Doctoral en Física, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Instituto Balseiro.
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Resumen en español
El potencial eléctrico del medio extracelular que rodea a las neuronas del sistema nervioso fluctua constantemente. Estas oscilaciones resultan de sumar las perturbaciones producidas por los potenciales de acción y los potenciales sin apáticos de las neuronas ubicadas en un entorno del electrodo de medición, y su amplitud es tanto mas grande cuanto mayor sea la sincronización entre neuronas. Se han identificado diversos ritmos colectivos cuyas características están correlacionadas con variables comportamentales. Por ejemplo, se sabe que en roedores, el ritmo theta (6-12 Hz) coordina los cómputos involucrados en orientación y navegación en el espacio. En humanos, el ritmo beta (16-31 Hz) crece durante el procesamiento consciente de la información. Sin embargo, hasta el momento se desconoce el papel que juegan los ritmos lentos en este tipo de tareas, aun cuando la amplitud de las oscilaciones lentas es comparable a la de otras bandas de frecuencia. En esta tesis, analizamos la relevancia de las oscilaciones lentas en tareas de navegación espacial en roedores, y en procesamiento de información en pacientes epilépticos humanos. En ambos casos, estudiamos los registros obtenidos por nuestros colaboradores con electrodos que fueron implantados con fines académicos (en el caso de roedores) o médicos (en seres humanos). En el caso de roedores, observamos que tanto la amplitud de las ondas lentas como su grado de acoplamiento con otras bandas de frecuencia están modulados por aspectos cinemáticos de la trayectoria recorrida por el animal, tales como la velocidad o la aceleración. Observamos también que los ritmos lentos organizan los disparos de neuronas individuales en el lóbulo temporal, de forma que la información cinemática codificada por dichas neuronas depende de la fase del ritmo en la cual se ubican los potenciales de acción. En el caso de los pacientes epilépticos, encontramos que las oscilaciones lentas fluctúan marcadamente tanto dentro como fuera de las crisis, dificultando la detección automática de los períodos ictales, y el grado de pérdida de conciencia. Proponemos un mecanismo de normalización que permite neutralizar estas fluctuaciones, y en consecuencia, detectar las crisis con un algoritmo sencillo, factible de ser implementado online. Analizando la señal normalizada, es posible identificar un rasgo siológico asociado a las crisis que conllevan un alto grado de perdida de conciencia: el cambio en la distribución de probabilidad asociada a la potencia en diferentes bandas, unas pocas decenas de milisegundos después del inicio de la crisis. Concluimos por ende que, a diferencia de lo que se creía hasta el momento, un adecuado procesamiento de las componentes lentas del potencial extracelular permite una mejor interpretación del procesamiento de información en roedores y en humanos.
Resumen en inglés
The electric potential of the extracellular medium surrounding neurons fluctuates constantly. These oscillations result from the summation of perturbations produced by the action potentials and the synaptic potentials of neurons located in the vicinity of the measuring electrode, and their amplitude grows as the synchronization between neurons increases. Several collective rhythms have been shown to be correlated with behavioral variables. For example, in rodents, the theta rhythm (6-12 Hz) coordinates the computations involved in spatial orientation and navigation. In humans, the beta rhythm (16-31 Hz) grows during conscious information processing. Yet, the role played by slow rhythms in this type of tasks remains so far unknown, even though the amplitude of the slow components is typically comparable to that of other frequency bands. In this thesis, we analyze the behaviour of slow oscillations in spatial navigation tasks in rodents, and in information processing in human epileptic patients. In both cases, we study the signals obtained with electrodes that were implanted into the brain of the studied subjects for academic reasons (in rodents), and for medical purposes (in humans). In the case of rodents, we observed that both the amplitude of the waves and their degree of coupling with other frequency bands are modulated by kinematic features, such as the running speed or acceleration of the animal. We also found that the slow rhythms organize the ring patterns of individual neurons, so that some kinematic features of the trajectory are correlated with the phase of the slow rhythms at the time in which neurons spike. In the case of epileptic patients, we showed that the slow oscillations fluctuate markedly both inside and outside the seizure, forestalling the automatic detection of ictal periods, and the search for physiological correlates of the degree of loss of consciousness. Here we propose a mechanism that allows us to neutralize these fluctuations, and consequently, to also develop a simple algorithm, feasible to be implemented online, with which the crisis can be identied. By analyzing the normalized signal, we were able to determine a physiological marker of the degree of loss of consciousness: changes in the shape of the power spectrum of the signal, a few tens of milliseconds after the onset of the crisis. We conclude that, unlike the prevalent belief thus far, a proper processing of the slow components of the extracellular potential allows a better interpretation of the way information is processed by rodents and humans.
| Tipo de objeto: | Tesis (Tesis Doctoral en Física) |
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| Palabras Clave: | Epilepsy; Epilepsia; Hippocampus; Hipocampo; [Local field potential; Potencia de campo local; Neural code; Código neuronal] |
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| Materias: | Medicina > Neurociencias |
| Divisiones: | Gcia. de área de Investigación y aplicaciones no nucleares > Gcia. de Física > Física médica |
| Código ID: | 811 |
| Depositado Por: | Tamara Cárcamo |
| Depositado En: | 05 Mar 2021 09:52 |
| Última Modificación: | 05 Mar 2021 09:52 |
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